Lithium battery is a kind of battery which is made of lithium metal or lithium alloy as positive/negative material and uses non-aqueous electrolyte solution. Lithium metal batteries were first proposed and studied by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1912. In the 1970s, M. S. Whittingham proposed and began to study lithium-ion batteries. Due to the chemical characteristics of lithium metal is very lively, making lithium metal processing, preservation, use, environmental requirements are very high. With the development of science and technology, lithium batteries have become the mainstream.

Lithium batteries can be roughly divided into two categories: lithium metal batteries and lithium ion batteries. Lithium-ion batteries do not contain metallic lithium and are rechargeable. Lithium metal batteries, the fifth generation of rechargeable batteries, were born in 1996, and their safety, specific capacity, self-discharge rate and performance-price ratio are better than lithium-ion batteries. Because of its own high technical requirements, only a few countries are producing the lithium metal batteries.

Lithium metal batteries generally use manganese dioxide as the positive electrode material, lithium metal or its alloy metal as the negative electrode material, the use of non-aqueous electrolyte solution of the battery.

Lithium ion batteries generally use lithium alloy metal oxide for the positive electrode material, graphite for the negative electrode material, the use of non-aqueous electrolyte batteries.